DNA 101
Redbone Heritage Foundation, Inc.
Y-DNA:
The Direct Male Line
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The Y Chromosome is
transmitted from father to son.
Testing the Y Chromosome provides information about the direct male
line. (Surname Line). Meaning
the father to father and so on. The locations tested on the Y Chromosome
are called markers. Occasionally a mutation occurs at one of the markers
in the Y Chromosome. Mutations
are simply small changes in the DNA Sequence.
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Mt-DNA:
The Maternal Line
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Mt-DNA is passed from mother
to child. Since only females
pass on their Mt-DNA, testing the Mt-DNA tells about the mother, to her
mother, to her mother, and so on along the direct maternal line Both
Males and Females receive Mt-DNA from their mothers, so both men and women can test
their Mt-DNA.
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Haplogroups:
Family Tree Lines
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Haplogroups are a collection
of closely related heliotypes.
The Haplogroup identifies the person’s major Population group and
provides information about the ancient origin of there Y-DNA and Mt-DNA
lines. Haplogroups are like
different branches in the Family Tree of Mankind
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Mestee Y-DNA Haplogroup Admixture
Some of the DNA tests performed on Mestee groups in the
United States have come up with some interesting results in regards to
Haplogroups. These results
show, in my opinion, the early admixture of people of non Northern European
origin with both Native American and African ethnic groups circa
1600’s early America. It is proof that these Mixed Blood groups are
related and have several different backgrounds of various ethnic
proportions of African, Native American, Welsh, Scot Irish, English,
Portuguese, Middle Eastern and Romani Gypsy peoples Some of the Y-DNA
Haplogroups are as follows:
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J:
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E3a:
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Western European
Haplogroup
R1b1 is the most common haplogroup in European populations
It is
believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after
the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago
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Middle Eastern
Haplogroup J
is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern
and North
African populations where it most likely evolved.
This marker
has been carried by Middle Eastern
traders into
Europe, Central Asia, India, and Pakistan.
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Middle Eastern
The J2
lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent
where it
later spread throughout Central Asia, the Mediterranean,
and south
into India.
As with
other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage
is found
within Jewish populations.
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Sub Saharan African
This haplogroup is an African lineage.
It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup
dispersed south from northern Africa within the past
3000 years,
by the Bantu agricultural expansion.
E3a is also the most common lineage among African
Americans
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Middle
East/India
The undifferentiated P lineage is a very rare
haplogroup in
populations at this time. Although it was the ancestral
line to
haplogroups Q and R it is only found at low frequency
in India,
Pakistan, and Central Asia
L: This haplogroup is found primarily in India and Sri
Lanka,
and has also spread into several Middle Eastern
populations
(Turks, Saudis, and Pakistanis).
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Central Asian/Native American
The Q lineage is the lineage that links Asia and the
Americas
This lineage is found in North and Central Asian
populations
as well as Native Americans
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Another type of DNA Test is the
BGA Test (BioGeographical)
Ancestry Test. The BGA Test uses AIM (Ancestry
Information
Markers) that look at the entire
DNA Genome of 175 Ancestry
Information Markers
This test will show your estimates
for Indo European, Asian,
Sub Saharan African and Native
American
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Ethnicity % |
Redbones |
Anglo American |
Melungeons |
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90% |
97% |
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0% |
2% |
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5% |
1% |
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5% |
0% |
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4% Native American 6% Sub Saharian African 90% Indo European |
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DNA Print also offers a Euro BGA DNA Test which will test
for your ancestry in the following groups. North Western European (England,
Germany) South Eastern European (Italy, Greece, Turkey) Middle Eastern
(Iran, Israel, Arabia, Egypt) South Asian (Pakistan, India)
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Redbone Euro BGA DNA Study
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 Questions & Comments
Ask Alvie
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